What’s in This Chapter?

Is there more or less poverty in countries that have higher income inequality? Consider the following hypothetical example.

Country A: The poorest income group earns an average of $4,000 per year. The richest income group earns an average of $7,000 per year. Incomes are relatively equal.

Country B: The poorest income group earns an average of $12,000 per year. The richest income group earns an average of $100,000 per year. There is a high degree of income inequality.

Assuming prices of goods and services are the same in both countries, which country do you prefer to live in?

If comparisons bother you and you mostly want people to have relatively equal incomes, you will answer country A.

If you care about absolute living conditions and purchasing power, you will answer country B. The standard of living is higher in country B, and the opportunities for advancement are greater.

People in countries with high degrees of income inequality typically do not stay poor. Nearly 60% of people who are poor in the United States, are no longer poor ten years later and 85% are no longer poor by the end of their career.

Not all, but a substantial percentage of the people in the group that remains poor (the ones remaining poor after 10 years) are in welfare programs. Do welfare programs encourage households to remain dependent on government help? How much incentive is there for people to transition from welfare to work?  The welfare reforms of 1996, which introduced stricter eligibility requirements, encouraged a larger percentage of people to find work. Should we go further, and perhaps take welfare programs out of the hands of large bureaucratic governments and leave caring for the needy up to smaller governments (counties, cities) or local organizations, churches, private charities, neighbors, and friends? Should donations to help the poor be an individual choice, as Ayn Rand recommended? Or should donations be mandatory (taxes) and be in the hands of government administrators? This unit discusses these and other questions related to income inequality and poverty.